Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Nursing - Assignment Example Accentuation is given on the requirement for the association of the administration for the improvement of nature of human services administrations gave across Nigeria. The presentation of a viable social insurance framework could help, as indicated by Riman and Akpan (2012), to accomplish the above objective. The issue investigated in the investigation of Riman and Akpan (2012) can be portrayed as very significant. Truth be told, the absence of satisfactory assets has been, customarily, an explanation behind disappointments in the conveyance of social insurance administrations around the world. The investigation of Riman and Akpan (2012) can be additionally utilized for recognizing likely techniques for keeping the nature of medicinal services administrations in territories where the entrance to financing is tricky. The investigation of Riman and Akpan is very much organized, at the level that captions have been utilized for making the substance increasingly intelligible. Simultaneously, writing has been joined with exact exploration so as to offer increasingly precise clarifications as to its subject. It ought to be additionally noticed that all parts of the issue under assessment are introduced in detail helping the peruser to comprehend the current status of social insurance financing in Nigeria and its impacts on the nature of the country’s human services administrations. The assets utilized in the examination have been painstakingly picked, consolidating writing identified with the study’s subject. With respect to the observational examination, this depends on a study led among a specific classification of the populace, for example ‘women in kid bearing age who as of now have a child’ (Riman and Akpan 2012, p.296). This implies the aftereffects of the overview can be utilized for understanding the presentation of the country’s social insurance framework with respect to a particular gathering of individuals. With regards to the exploration strategies depicted over, the author’s ends can be described as authentic, demonstrating the connection between human services financing and the nature of social insurance

Week 5 dq Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 5 dq - Assignment Example  policyâ managementâ directâ systemâ and the noteworthy jobs ofâ rationalâ capitalâ or information ofâ administrationâ in organizationalâ commerceâ processâ are a portion of the measures utilized in key control process. Balanced scorecardâ is usedâ to adjust organization practices to the vision andâ policyâ of the organization, improve inner andâ peripheralâ communications, andâ examineâ organizationâ activities against arranged targets (Nooreklit, 2000). The change ofâ policyâ into itsâ applicationâ is starting by grasping the snags or challenges during the time spent strategy execution. Thisâ contextâ illustrates howâ strategyâ formulation isâ vitalâ in each organization. Key administration manages theâ essentialâ plannedâ directionâ of theâ businessâ in terms of itsâ associationâ with its condition. Itâ is centeredâ on the organization all in all and couldâ stressâ theâ lastingâ procedures like the arrival on investment funds and changes in investor hugeness. Policyâ controlâ metrics might be delegated with respect to eitherâ peripheralâ value orâ internalâ competence. Adaptability overlies these groupings. It joins to effectiveness and competence (Nooreklit, 2000). Consequently, an organization must be incidentally adaptable in responding to alteringâ consumerâ needs and inside graceful in reordering its hierarchical game plans and retraining laborers. Internalâ competenceâ measures incorporate process duration, creation and waste. Strategy controls might be utilized as a technique for clarifying what great execution is, makingâ clearâ the exchange offs associating benefit and reserve funds and introducingâ persona lâ stretch objectives. The motivation behind why estimates utilized in arranged controlled controlâ procedureâ isâ necessaryâ is on the grounds that it gives the organization an ability to read a compass. Despite the fact that targets, practical strategies, and actionâ itemâ are includedâ inâ severalâ implementation designs, various associations have aâ difficultâ time mirroring the plans theyâ create. This is on the grounds that a few associations

Abortion Report Essay -- essays research papers

Fetus removal Report      I have decided for my point Abortion. I feel that it is a point that is important in the present society anyway it is regularly evaded or stayed away from. Various Presidents express various things and have various positions about it, furthermore, regularly it is needed to recognize what to think about it. Essentially there are two various perspectives on: Pro-Choice, which takes the position of saying that it is the lady's decision on the off chance that she needs to have a fetus removal and that it is just her business. So fundamentally they need it to stay lawful. At that point there is the other position of Pro-Life which says that it ought not stay lawful and that it is just about as terrible as relentless homicide. I happen to concur with this. This is the thing that I will concentrate on for the remainder of my report.      I will initially discuss Pro-Choice. During that time this has clearly been the thinking about our country since premature birth stays lawful (Bill Clinton is Pro-Choice). This is additionally the considering numerous lady's privileges developments and associations. From perusing a paper on Pro-Choice it states as its heading that fetus removal ought to be a lady's entitlement to pick what she does with her body, and it ought not be modified or impacted by any other individual. This privilege is ensured by the ninth alteration, which contains the privilege to security. This raises an exceptionally fascinating point, which is that the ninth alteration is a solid contention in the battle for Pro-Choice. It expresses that ...

Budgeting and reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning and announcing - Essay Example With such predominance in costs and number of conferences it is a mistake that the firm has lower net gain than the contender. The warning plan is underutilized by the customers of the firm. On normal they use around 75% of every single prepaid conference, which isn't a bit of leeway for the firm. The firm would want to have customers utilize all 100% and pay additional hours with customary expenses. In any case, it must be offset with the fulfillment of the customers that may be glad to prepay current levels. By and large the firm looks progressively wasteful in overseeing costs contrasted with the contender. Reference section 2 additionally uncovers that the contender pulls in increasingly new enquiries and gives more conferences to new customers. This is an indication of solid development (Chadwick, 1997), joined with the quantity of grievances it demonstrates that the contender is better at drawing in and holding new customers, which may give considerable future preferred position in the business improvement. The stressing number is the quantity of effective cases for careless exhortation. Each fruitful case sabotages the notoriety of the firm and undertakings a negative picture to planned and existing customers. It very well may be a major driver for customers to change to the rival later on as it is a solid pointer of the administration quality. The choice of the creation executive to source less expensive material and to utilize lower grade work is reflected in the change investigation. Material cost expanded, nonetheless, the material use gace unfavorable impact because of expanded wastage. Generally speaking, the material difference is negative 5100-7500=-2400$, which flags that the advantage of utilizing less expensive material with higher waste is faulty. The equivalent goes for the lower grade work, which improved work rate and exacerbated work effectiveness. It shows that number of hours spent by the lower grade work is higher than

Advocacy activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Support action - Essay Example So as to prevail in this errand, reporting the progressions occurring regarding enactments and approaches, as an instrument of social change is henceforth unavoidable. Strategy change is perhaps the best establishment, and an enthusiastically prescribed way to deal with address the one of a kind difficulties looked by the general public. The quickly changing elements of the world of politics around us unmistakably feature the criticalness of the organization as a professionalizing specialist in the field of political theory (Furner, 2010). This paper means to layout a way to deal with assess arrangement change by featuring key needs starting from a short outline of the picked enactment, the importance and extent of the issue, the expansive ramifications of the enactment, just as a top to bottom record of the chosen official followed by a clarification of the whole procedure beginning from the essential explanations for the decision of the chosen official a diagram of the key purposes of conversation, to be completed during the individual meeting. Rundown of the enactment: The way to tending to and settling different social issues looked by the general public lies in the assurance of the social reformers and their persevering interest to make an increasingly altruistic culture by participating in approach backing (Jansson, 2010). HIV AIDS is one such basic issue looked by the United States. With an aggregate of 1.2 million Americans living with HIV (CDC, 2012), and one of every five individuals are ignorant of their disease (Aids.gov, 2012) it is recognized as a genuine general wellbeing concern in this manner showing a dire need to annihilate it through compelling approach changes. This area talks about the Cure for AIDS Act 2012, presented by Representative James Himes in the House, and is planned for finding a compelling remedy for the pandemic and makes it open in the United States just as comprehensively. It proposes to build up an examination program under the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program of the Department of Defense to achieve its objective (Govtrack.us). The program is proposed to be going by the Secretary of Defense as a team with the Director of National Institutes of Health; the Director of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; and any leader of a Federal organization as regarded suitable by the Secretary. The program expects to build up a remedy for HIV/AIDS through broad research programs, planned for tending to the essential issues, for example, the key causes behind the determination of the sickness regardless of the utilization of different treatments; and creating and recognizing different testing mediations to control the spread of any additionally spread of the illness, among others. The program additionally looks to pick up help from Non-benefit elements regarding co-appointment and sharing of obligations through organization and arrangement of friend audited subsidized research. Th e key target of this bill is to guarantee a successful remedy for HIV/AIDS by supporting and empowering creative research. The conviction to discover a fix has been reinforced further after the ongoing instance of Timothy Brown, the primary individual ever to be relieved of the 'serious' sickness (CBS News, 2012), in this way giving a reestablished would like to the clinical specialists, scientists and strategy creators to restore and quicken their endeavors towards working and battling for the noble motivation. Noteworthiness and extent of the issue: HIV/AIDS is a worldwide pestilence influencing 34 million individuals around the world, and guaranteeing 1.8 million lives starting at 2010 (WHO, 2012). As per accessible insights the circumstance is similarly grave for high-pay created nations also including the United States. Over 1.2 million individuals in the United S

Having Children When Transgender

Having Children When Transgender Relationships LGBTQ Print Having Children When Transgender By Elizabeth Boskey, PhD facebook twitter linkedin Elizabeth Boskey, PhD, MPH, CHES, is a social worker, adjunct lecturer, and expert writer in the field of sexually transmitted diseases. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Boskey, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Susan Olender, MD on September 15, 2017 Susan Olender, MD, is an assistant professor of medicine at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. Learn about our Medical Review Board Susan Olender, MD Updated on September 08, 2018 Dean Mitchell / Getty Images More in Relationships LGBTQ Spouses & Partners Violence and Abuse Individuals are considered to be transgender if their gender identity does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. Many transgender individuals choose to socially or medically  transition  so that their gender presentation aligns with their gender identityâ€"socially transitioning usually involves dressing and presenting in a way that fits with the persons gender identity, while medically transitioning can involve taking cross-sex hormones, surgery, or both. Not all individuals choose to medically or surgically transition. However, those who do may face a dilemma: what do they do if they want to have children later in life? Both hormone treatments and surgery can impact fertility. Some surgeries, such as the removal of the ovaries or testes, will leave someone permanently infertile. Research has shown that around half of transgender adults regret their inability to have children after they transition. This has led to the recommendation that providers discuss fertility issues with all transgender people before they start to transition. However, that doesnt always happen. In addition, even when it does, the need to transition can be overwhelming enough to make other concerns seem unimportant. Thats particularly true for concerns such as fertility that may not be relevant until later in life. For some people, the inability to have their own genetic children is not an issueâ€"they may not be interested in having a family or they may want a family but not care about whether their children are biologically related to them. For others, however, the ability to have biological children is important to their long-term happiness. Thats where fertility preservation comes into play. For Transgender Men Transgender men  who transition after puberty have several options for fertility preservation. Specifically, individuals can undergo egg stimulation and harvestingâ€"similar to that for an IVF procedure. However, for many transgender men, this option can increase their dysphoriaâ€"their discomfort in their bodies. They may not feel comfortable taking large numbers of female hormones to stimulate their ovaries. In such cases, there is the possibility of ovarian tissue harvesting. However, it is less effective than ovarian stimulation. It is worth noting that transgender men who do not have bottom surgery can get pregnant. If they keep their ovaries and uterus, it is possible for them to experience a healthy pregnancy. However, in order to do so, they need to stop taking testosterone for the duration of the pregnancy. They also need access to either sperm or a fertilized ovum. For Transgender Women Fertility preservation for transgender women is easy  if it is done before they start taking estrogen. Sperm banking is relatively simple and affordable. However, for some women, the need to masturbate and ejaculate can be too dysphoric. For these women, its possible to either stimulate ejaculation electrically or to use surgery to harvest sperm directly from the testicles. For Transgender Adolescents When transgender adolescents are identified before puberty, it can be an incredibly positive thing for them. The standard of care has become using puberty blockers  to halt puberty until teenagers and their families are ready. Then either the teenager can start using cross-sex hormones or stop taking blockers to resume the puberty associated with the sex they were assigned at birth. Either way, the teenager only has to go through puberty once. They dont have to go through a puberty that may be upsetting or painful. They also are more likely to be able to conform to visible gender expectations as an adult. Unfortunately, the downside of puberty blockers is that transgender adolescents who take them have reproductive tracts that do not fully mature. That means that young transgender women cant provide sperm and young transgender men cant provide eggs. In order to do so, they would need to go further through the puberty that blockers are designed to prevent. There are some experimental options that have been pioneered in young cancer patients whose fertility is also often affected by medical treatment. Ovarian or testicular tissue can be harvested and frozen. Then, at a later date, it may be possible to use hormones to mature that tissue and provide viable eggs and sperm. The efficacy of these techniques is not something that young people can count on. However, it may be a worthwhile option for adolescents who think they might want to have children and  can afford the procedures. Transgender People as Parents A significant number of transgender people have children before they transition, particularly when they transition later in life. As a whole, their children are as happy and healthy as children of cisgender couples. Thats true for couples who divorce as well as couples who stay together. One of the biggest factors in childrens adjustment is whether their parents continue to have a good relationship. It is also often easier for children to adjust to a parents transition earlier in their life. No matter when a parent transitions, their whole family will likely benefit from support. Its a big change for the transgender parents  life, but also for the lives of those who love them. Seeking out resources such as family therapy with a transgender-affirming therapist, or transgender parenting support groups, can be incredibly helpful both in person or online.

Saint Johns Community Service - Free Essay Example

For my community service project I chose to volunteer at Saint Johnrs Womenrs shelter in Sacramento. Through my volunteering hours I helped serve the women dinner and set up the tables for their dinner. My first day volunteering I found that I was extremely nervous, for the work itself and to see women in poverty. Once I was directed to the kitchen and instructed on what I had to do my nerves calmed down. When dinner time arrived I was sad for what I found. Not only were these women in bad shape but many of them had 2 to 4 children with them. They were kind and extremely thankful for the work I was putting in. I found that many of the people I was serving were girls my age who seemed to have run away from abusive situations. This fact hits close to home for me and was the reason I chose to volunteer at a womens shelter in the first place. I felt that the work I was putting in was a very good thing, everyone was so grateful to my mom and I as we gave them their food. After I volunteered I had questions, how is Sacramento helping our homeless population? How many homeless does Sacramento have? And what can I do to help? These are three questions that I chose to research after my time at Saint Johnrs. It turns out that according to the Sacramento Bee Sacramento Countys homeless population rose 30 percent between 2015 and 2017. This is a sad fact that I believe needs to be further addressed in our schools. Privileged schools like Granite Bay allow us to live in a bubble. Kids that go to our school are unaware of the poverty happening in our own backyard. I lived in Downtown Sacramento in 7th and 8th grade and was able to watch the homeless population rise in that short time. Volunteering at Saint Johnrs allowed me to see what happens to people as they are experiencing homelessness. Saint Johnrs program is targeted towards women who are experiencing homelessness due to an abusive situation. It allows the women to live in a safe place with meals and rooms. They accept volunteers through the week not only to serve dinner but to take care of children and serve breakfast. This program and many others should be brought up in schools as places that kids need to go. Helping our community was something that wasnt brought up until senior year, I think that it would improve the quality of many peoples work if students were required to do a small amount every year, then this amount could be increased slowly allowing kids to get used to volunteering each year. By forcing kids to volunteer once their senior year it turns this great project into a job for many of my peers. This project broadened my horizons, I plan to continue to volunteer with Saint Johnrs as frequently as I am able. I enjoyed seeing the smile on the womens faces when they were able to get their food. It goes to show that the little things are really what counts. For kids in our school I think this project has a great lesson to teach. I had only volunteered once before this project, my stepmother worked at Brighton Preschool my freshman year of high school so I had the opportunity to volunteer in her class. I had a lovely experience playing and teaching the kids. Looking back now that I have volunteered somewhere with poverty stricken families I can see the sharp contrast between the preschoolers that went to Brighton vs the kids in Saint Johnrs. The kids in Saint Johns seemed to be quieter, they were more excited for their food when the time came to eat, and they were less picky about what they were eating. When the kids at Brighton were served there was always many complaints about what was on the menu that day. There was almost always a breakdown at meal time, and they were not as thankful for their food. It makes me sad to think that the kids in Saint Johnrs will grow up not knowing when their next meal is. No child should go hungry. Above are pictures of the Saint Johnrs dinner services, when we serve dinner they get protein, carbs, vegetables and a fruit. I enjoyed meeting the other volunteers during my time at Saint Johnrs as well. One woman who was volunteering told me her story, she used to be in the Saint Johns program but was able to pull herself out. She now has a job and volunteers for Saint Johnrs on the weekends to repay them for helping her and her children. Kids in America today dont understand that there is such poverty in our country. We see on our phones that there is poverty in other countries but rarely acknowledge the poverty in our own backyard. By bettering our own country we are bettering ourselves. Another benefit to this project is that it allows kids to gain more experience in case we need references for job applications. There are so many benefits that are apparent to volunteering. I may have donated my time to Saint Johnrs womens shelter but volunteering for the humane society, volunteering to build a home for a family, or giving back to those who lost their home in Paradise are all amazing volunteering opportunities. Volunteering gives you an opportunity to change peoples lives, It allows you to play a role in someone elses life. Helping people who may not be able to help themselves is an amazing quality to gain. Volunteering is a way of giving back to your community while developing important social skills, and gaining valuable work experience all at the same time. Overall my experience with this project was extremely fulfilling. I was able to meet people that I otherwise never would have met. I felt that being in the positive environment was rejuvenating. As well as meeting new people I was able to help people in less fortunate situations as me. I enjoyed feeling productive and helpful. This project taught me many good lessons and has pushed me to try to vo lunteer regularly from now on.

Consumerism Is Justified By Kant, Singer, And Aristotle

Today’s consumerism can be ethically justified using Kant, Singer, and Aristotle; however, people still should donate money to charity. Utilitarian’s, like Signer, believe that people should do everything they can to maximized the happiness of all people. To them, buying everything in sight is ethically wrong because the money could be better spent on helping others. Using Kant and Aristotle, it can be shown that buying lots of items, like in today’s society, can be ethically justified. When Aristotle discusses his views of ethics in â€Å"Virtue Ethics†, he shows that having just the right about of something is virtuous. For example, there is virtue in being brave, but if one is too brave it is a vise. Just as being too cowardly is also a vise. The virtue of bravery lies somewhere in the middle of cowardice and brashness. The same can be said of today’s consumerism. While buying everything and hoarding money is a vice so is giving away too much mon ey to the point that one cannot live. There must be a middle ground in helping others, or else the giver risks turning his virtue into a vice. People can spend money on the things that they wish to spend money on; yet, it is important to note that they should still be giving money to charity. If they fail to do so, they become gluttons and are no longer ethically sound. Same can be said of the people that give away too much money and cannot provide for themselves. They have turned their virtue into the vise of recklessness with

Gender Roles During Wars - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 787 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/11 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Cold War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? A role or behavior learned by a person as appropriate to their gender which is determined by the prevailing cultural norms is called a gender role. Both men and women have been told how to behave, dress, and how to present oneself to the public. An example of gender roles in society is women are supposed to be feminine, graceful, polite, nurturing, emotional, take care of kids, cook, clean; while men are supposed to be muscular, aggressive, tall, take care of finances, do repairs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender Roles During Wars" essay for you Create order These are gender roles that society puts on us, but these gender roles are also considered stereotypical. With this day in age nobody really follows these gender roles. There are many men who take care of kids, cook, clean, are nurses, and much more, just like there are women who do repairs, finances, are muscular, etc. While Im are talking about gender roles, I want to talk about gender roles during the great depression and the cold war, before I do that heres a quick summary about the Great Depression and the Cold War. The Great Depression was known as the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from the stock market crash of 1929 to 1939. The stock market crashed in 1929, which cause millions of investors on Wall Street into a state of terror. Companies started to lay off their employers, consumers started to stop spending and investing into things which caused industrial output to decline. As for the cold war it happened during World War 2. As allies, the United States and the Soviet Union fought against the axis powers together, but along the way their relationship began to turn sour. As the Americans were already aware about Russia being a communist country, they were more worried about Russias leader, Joseph Stalin, and his oppressive ruling. As for the Russians, they hold a grudge against Americans not only for the deaths of millions and millions of Russians due to their late entry to World War 2, but also because Americans refused to treat the USSR as part of the international community. With both the Great Depression and the Cold War how did it effect gender roles during that time and were there any similarities between them. Reaching its lowest point in history the Great Depression caused over 15 million Americans became unemployed as well as half of the countrys banks failed. But what caused the Great Depression. Well as the U.S. economy started to increase swiftly it caused the nations total wealth to triple between 1920-1929 causing this period in history to be labeled the Roaring Twenties. In NYC there was a stock market in the middle of Wall Street at the New York stock exchange. The stock market was where you could see all types of people such as multimillionaires to janitors, and even cooks pour all their savings into stocks. Due to everyone pouring their savings into stocks the stock market noticed a speedy change which caused it to reach its peak in 1929 of August. As an outcome, unemployment started to increase, compared to their real value stock prices increased, as well as productions started to decline. On top of that banks had an overabundance of substantial loans that couldnt be dissolved, plummeting food prices and dry spells were affecting agriculture sectors, employment salaries were cut-rate, and buyers debt increased in size. In the summer of 1929, the U.S. economy infiltrated a vague recession as a result of products being unsold, consumers slowly stopped making purchases, and stocks continued to grow. October 24, 1929, the stock market crashed as many had feared. Known as Black Thursday many investors were selling their shares in which it made a record 12.9 million of shares being traded that day. On October 29, 1929 also known as Black Tuesday another panic brushed Wall Street causing 16 million shares being exchanged, and millions being worthless. Investors were slaughtered entirely for when they purchased stocks on margin. As buyers trust began to disappear because of the crash, many occupations started to release their employees due to lack of production. The ones who were still employed struggled with payments and power. Those who were forced to pay with credit eventually ended up in debt, which made the number of foreclosures and repossessions to increase. Although President Hoover tried to reassure everyone that the catastrophe their facing would eventually pass, the matter only got worst over the course of the next three years causing the number of 4 million Americans who were looking for work in 1930 to rise to 6 million in 1931. Homelessness and soup kitchen became extremely common throguhtout America. Even farmers were forced to leave their crops to rot because they could no longer afford to harvest them, so that left people starving.

A Prayer Ceremony For Christmas - 1253 Words

Source 1 displays a Indigenous prayer ceremony to prepare for Christmas. The ceremony is influenced by Aboriginal culture such as their connection with the land and the spirits of the First Peoples. For Aborigines â€Å"all objects are living and share the same soul and spirit as them†. Spirituality is heavily incorporated into the everyday lives of Aboriginals. Spirituality can be defined as the sense of a connection to something bigger than yourself and involves a search for the meaning of life. For the Aborigines their spiritually involves everyday objects such as plants and animals which are connected to their ancestors. Their spirituality and beliefs are kept alive by passing on their knowledge through ceremonies and â€Å"Dreamtime† stories. The â€Å"Dreamtime† stories are how the Aborigines explain the beginning of the Earth and the foundation of their core beliefs. In most of the stories, ancestral spirits came to the Earth and as they moved along they created the plants, animals and even rocks. One the spirits did their job, they morphed into stars, watering holes and other objects. An example of these â€Å"Dreamtime† stories is the â€Å"Rainbow serpent† which is about a serpent who â€Å"pushed out the land to make mountains, she spilled water over the land to make rivers, lakes and billabongs. She also made the sun and fire, and all colours of the rainbow.† Religion is the set of beliefs, feelings, principles and practices that define the relations between human being and sacred orShow MoreRelatedChristopher Gist : The First Christmas Of Coshocton1420 Words   |  6 Pages In December of 1750, Christopher Gist was forming the first Christmas in Coshocton. This Christmas was unlike all others because of both the time period and the groups of people there. According to History of Coshocton County, Ohio: its past and present, 1740-1881 by N. N. Hill and A. A. Graham, Gist was in what is known as today as Coshocton County because the Ohio Company asked him to explore the Ohio River. Gist is known to be a well accomplished British explorer, surveyor and frontiersman whoRead MoreA Brief Note On Dutch, Scottish And Chinese Culture1055 Words   |  5 PagesKiwi/white European. As I identify my Ethnicity as a Kiwi, there are certain customs I practise and I affricate myself with such as Christmas and Easter guy Fawkes and Halloween. Christmas is a huge celebration for me and my family on my mother’s side we gather the family around, eat a traditional pavlova (even though my aunty has to ty 2-3 times.) and we have to buy a fresh Christmas tree to repres ent the celebration of another year together. Another significant symbol is language, a white European Kiwi’sRead MoreComparative Analysis of Judaism and Christianity1529 Words   |  7 Pagesyears before the time of Christ (Soltes, 11). In this covenant God promises Abraham a long life with many descendents and the land of Canaan in return for keeping faith with God (Oxtoby, 67). In both the Jewish and Christian religion there is a ceremony that is held to mark the day in which you become a part of your religious community. Jew’s are born into their religion but on the Sabbath closest to a boy’s thirteenth birthday a Bar Mitzvah takes place. When a boy turns thirteen it is expectedRead MoreImpact Of Advent On The Christian Church1715 Words   |  7 PagesAdvent is a season observed in many Western Christian churches as a time of expectant waiting and preparation for the celebration of the Nativity of Jesus at Christmas. The term is a version of the Latin word meaning coming. Latin adventus is the translation of the Greek word parousia, commonly used to refer to the Second Coming of Christ. For Christians, the season of Advent anticipates the coming of Christ from three different perspectives. Since the time of Bernard of Clairvaux(d.1153) ChristiansRead MoreThe world consists of so many different types of religions, and every religion has its own1000 Words   |  4 Pagesand varieties of beliefs and practices. The Bible is its chief sacred text, and there are three major branches of Christianity are Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Christian beliefs and practices are gathered in the Bible. Prayer is the means by which Christians communicate with their God. The New Testament says that Jesus taught his disciples how to pray and that he wanted them to refer God as Father. Christians still continue this tradition. After Jesus, the spreading ofRead MoreThe Three Great Western Religions1694 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowed by Moses who w as given the Torah or a set of laws that govern the Jewish faith and is the most important document of Judaism. Like Christians, Jews believe that there is only one God who created man and the universe and that individuals through prayer and worship can have a personal relationship with God. Abraham is the first leader of the Jewish people and he is a symbol of trust and obedience that God required of man. Abraham is also an important figure to the believers of Christianity and IslamRead MorePosition Paper1680 Words   |  7 PagesPosition Paper Introduction Looking back over the past two hundred and seven years, every session of the United States Senate has been opened with a prayer. Doing so has reaffirmed the Senates faith that God is the Sovereign Lord of our Nation. Barry C. Black currently serves as the spiritual advisor and counselor for the United States Senate with the title of Chaplin. Over the years, this position has ranged from part time, to now a full time position (United States Senate, 2011). EverRead MoreThe Connection Between Music and Religion Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesinto their religion and beliefs, as most religions do. In Malagasy society (Madagascar) negative attributes such as sickness are often associated with spirits. To identify these bad spirits the people hold ceremonies, Tremba, to communicate with the spirits through a medium. The ceremony begins with music and is accompanied by participation from others to call the spirit out. Increased hand-clapping called rumba and shouts of encouragement are specially suited to call the spirit out. (SchmidhaferRead MoreReligious Education Sba1510 Words   |  7 Pages(5) festivals celebrated at the St. James Anglican church, Spanish town. I have gained information on the significance and meaning of the festivals to the members of the church and the benefits the members get from celebrating the festivals. Christmas is celebrated at the St. James Cathedral church on the 25th of December. Members celebrate this festival because it celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. Members usually wear whatever they please on this festival day. They celebrate this festivalRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, And Islam1679 Words   |  7 Pagesthese matters are still unanswered. Judaism values prayer and have a daily routine to do so. Practicing Judaism also comes with the celebration of holidays and festivals. Some of these are Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish new year), Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Pesach, and Shavout. The entering into Judaism begins at birth when on the eighth day of life male babies are circumcised. Girls don’t have any type of circumcision but they do attend the covenant of life ceremony. Another major tradition in Judaism is the Bar/Bat

Code Of Ethics And Ethics - 1252 Words

In five years, changes that coincide with the projected 100% growth require the following revisions, starting with the code of ethics, issue identification and ideas affecting software architecture department will drive the upgraded growth. Achieving amplified productivity, and a restructured business model that outfits future profits. Correspondingly, meeting the focus on ethical and professional business objectives that satisfies stakeholders and organizational needs. Code of Ethics Adhering to professional ethics will strengthen the organization’s pursuit in compliance, marketing, and risk mitigation constructing guidelines for employees and stakeholders to follow. In facing the much-needed attention to the company and staff†¦show more content†¦Compliance begins the expansion to the consumer market once enforced. One of the ultimate goals of the 21st century is to understand the consumer market, catering to the target buyer. Which points towards the second core ethic, I will protect customer and employee rights and foster trust with honesty. Affecting organizational marketing in an efficient manner to improve trust between consumer. Making the revised code of ethics valuable for attracting unconvinced customers and reinforcing risk as the second line of defense in support functions. With Business being the first line of defense, risk mitigation is the second line of defense that protects areas like the market, investment, operational and credit risk. Warranting the need for the next code of ethic, I will take action regarding product and service risks that affect our customers and the organization. Risk management creates a significant incorporation of capabilities able to identifying problems across all departments. Issues Affecting the Software Architecture Department Current challenge resolutions with the company and software architecture department demand a sketch of the outlined requirements, software processes, technology changes, professional processes, and management influence. To identify current trends and exercising solutions that maximize a scalable platform. By establishing a solid foundation that will result in

Depression and Women Free Essays

Women and Depression Christina Eddy October 2012 Women and Depression WOMEN AND DEPRESSION Introduction A. What is causing more women to be depressed then men? B. Depression is one of the leading causes of death in women today. We will write a custom essay sample on Depression and Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Depression in women is caused by many different reasons a. Hormonal changes due to pre menopause and menopausal conditions. b. Women of all ages seem to suffer from depression at one time or another. c. Depression can put a strain on many areas of a women’s life. 3. What can society do to help women deal with depression? a. Working with these women to help them learn how to over come depression b. Treatment through counseling and possible medication C. more informative information on how to handle depression through advertisements 3. Conclusion Society need to take a better closer look at what is causing this depression in women. If is very important the we treat both the mental and emotional issues that women deal with when diagnosed with depression Women and Depression There are many symptoms related to depression, these symptoms could be as simple as difficulties concentrating, or may be presented as an over-whelming of feelings of worthlessness and even becoming delusions. Women are thought to be more sensitive than men; this could lead to feeling over-whelmed which in turn could lead to suicide. Some emotions such as: not feeling pretty enough or not being skinny enough tend to be magnified. Studies have shown that 12% of U. S women may suffer from depression while approximately only 6% of men may be diagnosed as depressed. . Cyranowski, J. M. ,Frank. (2006). Targeting populations of Women for Prevention and Treatment of Depression. In C. M. Mazure,G. Keita (Eds. ) Understanding depression in women. Mental health workers have stated that it’s psychological and that woman should be able to recognize how they are feelings and get help. But the question still remains, what is causing all these women to be depressed. It might be due to heredity, sexual abuse. There are those that are being harassed or discriminated against. There are doctors who believe that much of the depression in women is hormonal and could be brought on through their menstrual cycle or menopause. Psychologists believe that this depression has roots that can be passed through generations, therefore when something tragic accurse it can cause the depression to resurface. Some scientists believe that the stress factors lean more towards heredity; depression may be a gene that is passed down through generations. Through investigations it was found that the women who did not have a family history of depression, but did experience stressful events raised their chances of becoming depressed. There was about a 6% chance compared to those whose family had a history of depression, even this only raised their chances to 14%. Scientists have wondered if the gondola steroids estrogen and progesterone produced while a woman is menstruating might be putting women at a higher risk of becoming depressed, therefore showing that some girls may become depressed after puberty when they began to menstruate and their hormones start to fluctuate. Recent studies have shown that estrogen might play an active part in depression; this could be due to the fact that estrogen triggers body stress responses. Doctors know that the adrenalin glands are controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain which produces higher levels of a hormone called cortisol; this in turn increases the bodies metabolic and immune systems, stress then increases cortisol levels. These cortisol levels gradually will return to normal when the stress has passed. Although some evidence has shown that structured behavioral marital and family therapies are effective in treatment of depression (Holon, Summit2000). With the right combinations of therapy and drugs depression can be controlled. It’s has been proven in market research that approximately 30% to 35% of individuals who have tried anti-depressant drugs felt no sense of improvement while taking the drugs. Keller, Gelenberge, Hirschfeld, 1998; Keller et al. , 2000) Depressed women have been known to have more marital issues, this can sometimes lead to divorce, with this factor already in place depressed women are more likely to get involved with, and marry men with psychiatric disorders. (Hammen,Rudolph,Weiser,Roa, Burge,1999). Although this is one factor in the cycle of women’s depression there is also another disorder called Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) this disorder is mostly found in women of child rearing ages, however, this disorder is now being found more often in younger patients. With this newfound information doctors are trying to figure out what effects if any (MDD) has on the children of depressed women. (Collaborative Group, 1992) There has been some research done stating that depression begins in early childhood. This could show us that it may also continue into adulthood, evidence has shown that it may lead to morbidity a higher risk of suicide. Therefore, children of depressed mothers when compared to mothers who do not suffer from depression have greater chance of inheriting a major depressive disorder. References Cyranowski, J. M. , Frank. (2006). Targeting populations of Women for Prevention and Treatment of Depression. In C. M. Mazure, G. Keita (Eds. ) Understanding depression in women: References: (Psychological Applying empirical research to practice and policy (pp71-112) American Association. ) Doi: 10. 1037/11434-003 (Cross National Collaborative Group, 1992) (Holon, Summit2000) (Keller, Gelenberge, Hirschfeld, 1998; Keller et al. , 2000) (Hammen,Rudolph,Weiser,Roa, Burge,1999). How to cite Depression and Women, Essay examples

New Product Development for Apple Inc.

Question: Describe about the report summaries for process of new product development for Apple Inc. ? Answer: Introduction New product development or modification of the existing product is a continuous process of product development initiative that helps the organization to mitigate the problems of the current product to satisfy the customers need more accurately. Most of the time new product development initiates on the base of the existing products that are failing short in competition. It has been found that introduction of new product in a regular interval, is a good strategy to involve customer more without the help of any customer involvement campaign (Kang and Phan 2014). The business model of Apple Inc focuses on the new product development for their customer. Apple Inc always introduce new product with some extra features within a regular interval so their customer remain in the curiosity about the next product. This report is a detailed discussion of the new product development in the segment of iPhone by the innovative process design of the organization (Kang 2014). The report also analyzes t he impact of the performance objective with new product design concept that helps the organization to develop the product that will fulfill the gap of need within the customer. Introduction to the product Apple Inc is planning to introduce a new product in their product portfolio that will meet the demand of several customers who want more features within their smart phone. The current product portfolio of the organization includes iMac, Macbook, iPad, iPhone, iPod, smart watch and smart TV. Among them iPad and iPhone is in the same segment. Both the product can be replaced by one another though there are different features in both of them (Stolzenbach et al. 2013). The size of the iPhone is small as compared to the iPad therefore the need of the iPad cannot be met by iPhone. The advantage of the iPad is the large screen that offers better video operation and the advantage of the iPhone is its handy size that customer can carry in their pocket but the disadvantage is that they are not satisfied by playing videos due to its small screen size. Looking at this problem Apple has decided to invent a new product that will be small enough to keep it in the pocket but also provide the facilit y of the large screen display to see video in a better way (Govindan and Popiuc 2014). Another feature of dual rare camera is planned to provide better picture that will be comparable with DSLR. Importance of the process design Every new product comes in the market with a particular process of designing and developing. Therefore, there is a great importance of the process design to make it successful in the market. The unique strategy of the organization makes them remain ahead of their competitors. The company emphasizes to add new features to their new product that will satisfy customers need by solving several problems (Giampaolo et al. 2013). The company has planned to introduce a smart phone that will satisfy the need of several products such as DSLR camera and tab or iPad. The new smart phone will have dual rare camera that will increase the quality of the picture therefore no need to carry a big size camera when they are in a tour. The need of large screen is very essential for the customer with a facility to carry in pocket (Creemer et al. 2012). To satisfy these needs by the organization there is a lot of importance of the process design to make a successful product in the market. Process design ma kes the product more competitive in the market with its look and features different from the competitors. Process design helps to identify the challenges in the new product developmental process therefore; problem can be solved before launch. Objective of the product using process design Apple has designed a smart phone with an expandable display that is helpful to see video in a large screen same as iPad. This type of process design is important to place the product in a particular segment where customer needs large screen a cell phone and a camera to shoot photo. Process design also provides the platform to understand the need of the customer and implement them accordingly (Lindeman et al. 2014). The objective of the product is to replace several other products from the market and add more features than their competitors product. The objective of the product using process design is to get the advantage in looks and features. Process design of the company will compare competitors product in the market to make it much better. Stage of product The product is in the stage of development with the base of two products that is the iPhone and iPad. iPhone have very good features in the competition of smart phone and iPad has larger screen therefore those customers need both the features in a single device will love this product very much (Becker, Kugeler and Rosemann 2013). This model will be a high-end product that will cost more than a smart phone but if customers add the price of a camera, smart phone and iPad then definitely it will be low. The product design is complete and the management team has approved the product to make a successful launch in the market. New product design concept New product design concept in Apple is different from others that have lot of detail proceeding. This particular product is also associated with the unique concept that will increase the productivity. Idea Thought and idea has evolved with the need of large screen display for enjoying the video that will also provide the compatibility of keeping in a pocket (Laguna and Marklund 2013). The sketch is ready and team wants to make a prototype of the product so that management could understand the concept. Start up prototype Since the management approves the idea therefore it is high time to develop the prototype. Product development team has taken the idea from the originator and they make a prototype of the product externally. If the external product is good then it will get the approval from the management (Lewis 2015). The prototype is ready and it looks good and impressive (Appendix1). Initially the three sketches were selected from the 10 sketch and 1 prototype. The chosen prototype is sent for the new product process. Apples new product process Once the outline of the prototype is complete then the development tem start to research about the incorporation of hard ware and software to the prototype model to find out the compatibility of the model. The new product with the larger screen and rare dual camera is ready with the prototype to provide a demonstration. Weekly team review The executive team of the product development analyze the product from different angel. The longevity of the product, looks and efficiency of the product are analyzed to understand the success in the market (Davenport 2013). The competition in the market is also taken into consideration so that the exact market can be evaluated. In case of the product everything is fine and the review team is happy with the development. Peer design meetings Production and development team conduct a meeting with the product to improve the idea of the new design. It is not a regular meeting rather this meeting is conducted with specific ides generation and developmental need. Production management The product is ready for the production and the production management team evaluates the process design to align the product in the production line. Cost of production is one of the important aspects in this stage of development. New product is costly due to its technological advantage and lot of material is incorporated that was not with the previous model (Dawood and Sen 2012). The production of the product starts in the testing scale so that initial problems can be solved. The new product is showing some problem with its dual camera. The double lenses were unable to focus properly. Therefore, developing team made the required changes and makes it perfect for the production. Testing Testing is one of the important aspects of the product development. Once the product is ready then the testing team tangibly tests the product to evaluate the performance of the product. This new product is faster than its previous version and offers a larger display same as iPad when it is expanded (Ashby and Johnson 2013). The camera of the phone is able to take quality photo that also satisfies the need of DSLR camera (Appendix 2). Packaging Design of the packaging is made in such a way so that it maintains the status of its premium class brand. The box of this phone is designed with the same concept of larger screen (Klimchuk and Krasovec 2013). Rules of the road This process help to understand the quality of the overall product according to the market condition. Impact of performance objective (academic model) The impact of performance objective is analyzed with the help of performance objective model that will focus on each segment of production. Quality Produced to specification All the specifications are meeting in the product that was planned to satisfy the customer need. Reliable product The Apple team is very efficient makes the product development and their reliability is proven. Therefore, this product is also reliable. Attractive product The design of the product is made I such a way that keeps small size along with the dual camera and large screen. Therefore, by look and features this product is very attractive particularly to the technology lovers. Speed Time to deliver The product is expected to launch in the month of September in 2016. Time between new product This product will arrive in the market just after one year of their previous launch. One year is the normal interval that Apple maintains to launch any of their new products in the market (Srinivasan et al. 2012). Dependability On time delivery Once the product is available in the market then this product will be delivered to the customer on time. The normal time of delivery is one month. Constant delivery The production line is made in such a way that constant production will be performed to meet the market demand. Flexibility Being able to change The company has designed the product in such a way so that it can be changed any time according to the market condition. Customization Customer will not get any customized product from the hardware perspective but in the application, there will be many options available that customers have to choose. Many options Only two options will be available with this product one is 32 GB and the other is 64 GB internal memory. Cost Staff Fixed cost. Purchased Cost of material varies according to the need of the raw material. Technology Technology of this product is too expensive because lot of features is incorporated in their device. Recommendations The design and the feature of the product is very effective therefore proper testing is very important to understand the possible customer reaction of the product. The launch of the product should maintain the timeline otherwise; customer will lose hope of the new feature development by Apple. The product is packed with technology that may hamper the longevity of the product therefore, it is important to enhance the longevity of the product so that customer does not complain with it. The battery of the product is kept as earlier one. Since this product has more features, therefore battery consumption will be more. To satisfy the customer need it is important to enhance the battery of the product so that they are able to see movies for long time. Conclusion This report summaries the process of new product development for Apple Inc. The design of the new product is based on the larger expandable screen with small size to fit into the pocket. The dual camera of the product is also an added feature of the product. The design of this product is made with proper specification that will meet the consumer demand. Analyzing the performance objective of the product, it can be said that the features and looks is very good, however there should be better battery backup to support the entertainment purpose of the customer. Reference List Ashby, M.F. and Johnson, K., 2013.Materials and design: the art and science of material selection in product design. Butterworth-Heinemann. Becker, J., Kugeler, M. and Rosemann, M. eds., 2013.Process management: a guide for the design of business processes. Springer Science Business Media. Creemer, D.Z., Apple Inc., 2012.System for predicting and managing network performance by managing and monitoring resource utilization and connection of network. U.S. Patent RE43,144. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Dawood, S. and Sen, T.K., 2012. Removal of anionic dye Congo red from aqueous solution by raw pine and acid-treated pine cone powder as adsorbent: equilibrium, thermodynamic, kinetics, mechanism and process design.Water research,46(6), pp.1933-1946. Giampaolo, D., Weiss, E., Knight, B., Cisler, P. and McInerney, P., Apple Inc., 2013.Event notification management. U.S. Patent 8,370,853. Govindan, K. and Popiuc, M.N., 2014. Reverse supply chain coordination by revenue sharing contract: A case for the personal computers industry.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), pp.326-336. Kang, H.F. and Phan, L.D., Western Digital Technologies, Inc., 2014.System and method for managing execution of internal commands and host commands in a solid-state memory. U.S. Patent 8,782,327. Kang, H.F., Western Digital Technologies, Inc., 2014.System and method for managing the execution of memory commands in a solid-state memory. U.S. Patent 8,725,931. Klimchuk, M.R. and Krasovec, S.A., 2013.Packaging design: Successful product branding from concept to shelf. John Wiley Sons. Laguna, M. and Marklund, J., 2013.Business process modeling, simulation and design. CRC Press. Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice, p.1524839915580941. Lindeman, J.W., Wagner, T.E., Batchu, S.K., Rege, O.U., Mishra, A.K. and Tinker, R.B., Mobile Iron, Inc., 2014.Management of mobile applications. U.S. Patent 8,731,529. Srinivasan, R., Lilien, G.L., Rangaswamy, A., Pingitore, G.M. and Seldin, D., 2012. The total product design concept and an application to the auto market.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(S1), pp.3-20. Stolzenbach, S., Bredie, W.L., Christensen, R.H. and Byrne, D.V., 2013. Impact of product information and repeated exposure on consumer liking, sensory perception and concept associations of local apple juice.Food research international,52(1), pp.91-98.

Personal Interview Reflection Essay-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write a Personal Interview Reflection Essay. Outline strengths and weakness and action and for improvements and own development. Answer: The biggest strength that I have in me is that I am very much capable in displaying my views that clearly states what I can offer to the organization I want to work. This is where I am explaining to them that how my personal skills, interests and my motivation bonding with the company can be fruitful. I consider this one of my strengths as I have thoroughly researched about this company and thus, am aware of their facts and policies, and can easily express them at the time of the interview. Apart from this, I consider my biggest strengths to have the ability of problem solving. The problem can be small or big but the ability to solve it efficiently can make a huge difference towards the inner self, the company I am working for as well as for my team members. I consider that before the interview I must be honest with the company that what is the source from where I came to know about the company and their vacancies. I am very clear and expressive in telling the interviewer that how de sperate I am to work with the organization. Moreover, I can explain that what skills they need and how hard I can work to make my work constructive towards the organization. I am a kind of a person who is very ambitious by nature thus, my values are easily bonded with the companys goals and objectives making my targets clearer that where I want to take the organization. I am very much open towards challenges, cooperative to work with a team and the most important thing is I am always ready to face the problems coming my way rather than running away and make it more complicated. Lastly, I consider my body language to be up to the mark. On the hand, I am a very emotional person and at times, I find myself being carried away by others. This I consider my weakness that I should work on else people can easily take advantage of this. Thus, I think I need to control my emotions, listen to everyone but when taking a decision I must consider what will be fruitful for the organization, the employees and myself. From the role-play job interview, I can see that from the listed criteria nothing is there where I can say I am excellent in it. Therefore, my developments will be to work more on my strengths as well, so that what I am considering a good and a very good quality can become an excellent quality in the future. I am confident and motivated but there are t imes when I am stressed that whether I am at all eligible enough to work for this organization. The biggest mistake I did during the interview was that I completely overlooked that I have to explain interviewer that how my personal skills are parallel to their requirements in the job. This is definitely another weakness became I became slightly nervous and this important point completely went out of my focus. Thus, it can be concluded from the above analysis of my strengths and weaknesses that to develop further I need to work hard on both the above-mentioned aspects

Sports Supplements Essay Research Paper Athletes are free essay sample

Sports Addendums Essay, Research Paper Athletes are competitory. They go out at that place to win. But, at all costs? Why are athletes willing to give their long term wellness in order to hold one outstanding season? Will it be worth it when they are hooked up to machines in order to remain alive? Many jocks do non believe that taking a addendum will harm them. They are strong, tough jocks, nil can harm them, right? So, they start taking creatine or andro, or both. For most, they lose organic structure fat, addition strength and musculus. That sounds great, but that is non ever what happens. The usage of nonprescription athleticss addendums is unsafe and the FDA should take them off the shelf. Addendums are supposed to be taken to do up for a lack in some facet of a individual? s diet. For illustration, if person does non wish milk and does non eat any nutrients that contain Ca, they could take a Ca addendum. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Supplements Essay Research Paper Athletes are or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But, jocks use addendums to lose organic structure fat and addition musculus and strength. Once favored chiefly by gung-ho organic structure builders, merchandises that supposedly add musculus and increase strength are now being snapped up by weekend jocks trusting to remain in top signifier, every bit good as older grownups desiring to remain toned and healthy as they age ( ? Drugs? 8 ) . These athleticss addendums are non being used right, and this causes jobs down the route for users. There are different types of addendums. Creatine monohydrate, by and large known as creatine is a popularly used addendum. Creatine occurs of course in musculuss, but many jocks or organic structure builders take it to increase their strength and size. When utilizing musculuss, a chemical called ATP ( adenosine tri-phosphate ) is broken down into ADP ( adenosine DI-phosphate ) and an inorganic phosphate. The release of the phosphate is what gives the musculuss energy. Creatine, the of course happening sort, or the sort that comes in a jar, combines with phosphate and can reconstruct ADP back to ATP. Theoretically, this means more energy. But it does non come without a monetary value. The makers and advertizers for Creatine tell people they should utilize the merchandise because musculuss contain an norm of 3.5 to 4 gms of of course happening creatine per kg of musculus. They say the good intelligence is that up to 5 gms may be stored. So, by utilizing their merchandise, you can utilize your full potency of musculus energy ( ? Creatine? 1 ) . Basically what the company is stating you is to pay an hideous sum of money to add 1 gm on creatine to your musculuss. Besides, taking creatine has many side effects, merely as other addendums do. This is because this type of creatine is pure. The organic structure gets its natural creatine from ruddy meat. But, ruddy meat is non one hundred per centum creatine. The organic structure can non manage the authority of this addendum. Androstenedione ( Andro ) is a hormonally based addendum that is supposed to assist weight lifters add musculus. Andro is taken orally and goes to the liver. The liver destroys most of what is ingested, but what does survive combines with assorted enzymes and temporarily boosts testosterone degrees. This encouragement in testosterone allows an jock to execute at a degree above what he normally does. ? Androstendione is an honest-to-god steroid and a precursor to testosterone? ( Gorman 246 ) . If an athlete takes andro before he goes to the gym, he will be able to raise more, and therefore increase strength and size. Although it is non lawfully considered an anabolic steroid at this clip, andro Acts of the Apostless precisely as they do. ? Many endocrinologists insist that the differences between addendums like androstenedione and traditional steroids ( which are legal merely for certain medical conditions ) are fiddling? ( Zorpette 22 ) . In Canada a prescription is needed to acquire andro, but in the US it is an nonprescription drug ( Sibbald 1 ) . If they basically have the same effects, so one should non be illegal and the other legal. ? The American College of Sports Medicine says anabolic steroids such as androstenedione every bit good as other? dietetic addendums? should be reevaluated and considered drugs? ( Sibbald 1 ) . Taking steroids is known to do many wellness jobs. Yes, they do do people better jocks, but they are illegal and jocks should non utilize them. DHEA is a addendum in the same? household? as andro, called prohormones. DHEA besides raises the testosterone degrees in the organic structure. There is really small scientific support of these prohomones. In fact, some preliminary grounds suggests that they may be counterproductive. In a well-controlled survey merely published in the American Journal of the American Medical Association, androstenedione failed to hike musculus mass, strength and testosterone degrees ; alternatively, it hiked estrogen degrees, which could potentially hike organic structure fat alternatively of musculus ( ? Drugs? 8 ) . In that same survey, the prohormone DHEA increased the hazard of cardiovascular disease and besides raised the estrogen degrees in the organic structure. This could potentially do an expansion of the chests in work forces ( ? Drugs? 8 ) . Why would an athlete privation to put on the line major wellness jobs and developing chests? Good old fashioned difficult work is the manner to acquire in front in athleticss. When things sound excessively good to be true, they normally are. Advertisers ab initio said that addendums had no side effects whatsoever. Basically, creatine and andro sounded like admiration drugs. More strength and musculus mass, less fat, and no negative side effects! Incorrect! ? Two companies that market muscle-building nutritionary addendums? agreed Tuesday to halt claiming they wer e free of side effects under a colony announced Tuesday by Federal regulators? ( ? Makers? 1 ) . The companies were originally claiming no negative side effects. But, they had no grounds to endorse this up. Once scientists really started carry oning trials, they realized the companies were claiming a prevarication. These addendums have many negative side effects. ? ? Steroid endocrines, whether labeled as drugs or endocrines, can hold side effects long after their usage, ? says Dr. Gary Wadler, an American expert in sports-related drug usage? ( Sibbald 2 ) . Many physicians and experts in the field of athleticss medical specialty are really concerned with the usage of athleticss addendums. ? Our concern is that many of the newer substances have bot yet been tested for their long-run physiological and potentially inauspicious effects? ( Sibbald 2 ) , says Wadler. If these merchandises are coming out onto the market with out old proving being done, the users are put at great hazard for injury. It has besides been reported that one time the athlete Michigans taking the addendum, all of the musculus that they gained while taking the addendum will be turned into fat. If that is non incentive to non take these things, so nil is. These jocks should recognize that they will non be able to take the drugs everlastingly without serious side effects. The makers do non even have to turn out that their merchandises are safe before marketing them ( Sibbald 2 ) . There needs to be more ordinances on athleticss addendums in order to protect consumers. Peoples who go out and buy athleticss addendums frequently subsequently regret making so. One adult male who took creatine posted his narrative on an informational web site about creatine usage. ? I took creatine and took the recommended dosage and about had a dual kidney failure from that dirt? ? ( ? Consumers? 2 ) . Is it worth it to put on the line major organ failure to be a small spot bigger and stronger? Another adult male, who works at General Nutrition Center ( the shapers of creatine ) wrote that creatine is stupid to utilize and people should non set themselves in that sort of danger deliberately ( ? Consumers? 1 ) . Peoples are recognizing that creatine is unsafe and that the initial claims made by the companies are false. It is non merely people who are recognizing that these addendums are unsafe, provinces and authoritiess are besides recognizing this. ? New Jersey is censoring creatine and so will all the provinces finally and I am glad because it will salvage people from their ain ignorance. It is non FDA approved because it is unsafe and every bit long as it does non province that it is a steroid on the bottle, it can be sold anyhow ( ? Consumers? 3 ) . It should be illegal to sell merchandises that are non FDA approved. The companies are seting their clients at hazard by selling unsafe merchandises. One of the most celebrated instances of athleticss addendums usage was Mark McGwire. Dr. Gary Wadler, an American expert in sports-related drug usage said, ? baseball? s new Sultan of Swing, Mark McGwire, was? populating on? creatine as he chased Babe Ruth? s place tally record this summer? ( Sibbald 1 ) . McGwire was besides taking andro, and the combination of these two addendums likely helped him to accomplish his end of the place tally record. Even the people utilizing it know that it is incorrect to take it. It gives them an unjust advantage over the people who care about their wellness and organic structure and do non desire to harm themselves on intent. ? McGwire was ferocious when word leaked out last season he was utilizing it? ( Loony 12 ) . Celebrated jocks who are function theoretical accounts to small childs should non be making things that they are traveling to be ashamed of, or want to cover up. McGwire evidently knew that it was incorrect to take the addendum, particularly since he is a function theoretical account. Once the season was over, and he broke the homerun record and got his name in the books, McGwire stopped taking andro. ? ? a few yearss ago he told newsmans in St. Louis he stopped utilizing andro four months ago. The chief ground for his behaviour reversal: ? Young childs take it because of me. I don? Ts like that? ? ( Loony 12 ) . McGwire was right, childs do take it because of him, studies say that the sale of andro increased by over 500 % after word came out that he was utilizing the addendum ( Loony 12 ) . One can merely trust that the childs will once more follow his lead and halt taking this harmful drug. Mark McGwire is non the lone professional jock who is taking unsafe addendums. Michelle Smith de Bruin of Ireland won three gold decorations in the Atlanta Olympics. Quite an achievement? Possibly if she had done it without the usage of andro. She was banned from swimming for four old ages because of it. She ended up appealing the drug charges, but was non taken earnestly because she spiked her urine sample with intoxicant. In the terminal, she retired from swimming. ( Cook 32 ) . The usage of androstenedione is banned in about every proffesional athletics, the NCAA, and the Olympics, but non in professional baseball. There needs to be a unifrom drug policy throughout all athleticss, non merely certain 1s. The usage of athleticss addendums such as androstenedione or creatine is unsafe, and these drugs should necessitate a prescription to obtain. The people who are utilizing them are misinformed about the side effects that they might hold. Athletes are willing to give their wellness and good being by taking androstenedione or creatine, in order to execute outstandingly for one season. The United States and the professional athleticss organisations need to fasten up statute law reguarding these drugs. If nil is done about this, many people will develop serious medical jobs. 32b

Early Life Theories - Panspermia Theory

Early Life Theories - Panspermia Theory The origin of life on Earth is still somewhat of a mystery. Many different theories have been proposed, and there is no known consensus on which one is correct. Although the Primordial Soup Theory was proven to be most likely incorrect, other theories are still considered, such as hydrothermal vents and the Panspermia Theory. Panspermia: Seeds Everywhere The word Panspermia comes from the Greek language and means seeds everywhere. The seeds, in this case, would not only be the building blocks of life, such as amino acids and monosaccharides, but also small extremophile organisms. The theory states that these seeds were dispersed everywhere from outer space and most likely came from meteor impacts. It has been proven through meteor remnants and craters on Earth that early Earth endured innumerable meteor strikes due to a lack of an atmosphere that could burn the up upon entry. Greek Philosopher Anaxagoras This theory was actually first mentioned by Greek Philosopher Anaxagoras around 500 BC. The next mention of the idea that life came from outer space wasnt until the late 1700s when Benoit de Maillet described the seeds being rained down to the oceans from the heavens. It wasnt until later in the 1800s when the theory really started to pick up steam. Several scientists, including Lord Kelvin, implied that life came to Earth on stones from another world which began life on Earth. In 1973, Leslie Orgel and Nobel prize winner Francis Crick published the idea of directed panspermia, meaning an advanced life form sent life to Earth to fulfill a purpose. The Theory is Still Supported Today The Panspermia Theory is still supported today by several influential scientists, such as Stephen Hawking. This theory of early life is one of the reasons Hawking urges more space exploration. It is also a point of interest for many organizations trying to contact intelligent life on other planets. While it may be hard to imagine these hitchhikers of life riding along at top speed through outer space, it is actually something that happens quite often. Most proponents of the Panspermia hypothesis actually believe the precursors to life were what was actually brought to the surface of the earth on the high-speed meteors that were constantly striking the infant planet. These precursors, or building blocks, of life, are organic molecules that could be used to make the first very primitive cells. Certain types of carbohydrates and lipids would have been necessary to form life. Amino acids and parts of nucleic acids would also be necessary for life to form.   Meteors that fall to the earth today are always analyzed for these sorts of organic molecules as a clue to how the Panspermia hypothesis may have worked. Amino acids are common on these meteors that make it through todays atmosphere. Since amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, if they originally came to Earth on meteors, they could then congregate in the oceans to make simple proteins and enzymes that would be instrumental in putting together the first, very primitive, prokaryotic cells.

Early Childhood Development Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Early Childhood Development - Personal Statement Example I kneel beside the child and brush her dainty curls away from her fathomless eyes. She gazes upon her present, but does not show an oodle of hurray. She just shrinks away from me , returning back to incessant arrangement of her doll house that is already immaculately set and starts dribbling crumbs through her miniscule fingers ." Early childhood is a critical period. The foundation for development and learning: including critical skills , dispositions for academic learning, social relation , becoming positive contributors to peer groups, families, and communities, begin to inchoate . This genesis begins g to materialize primarily at home, preschool, child care, play groups, libraries, parks, and places of worship. Every child , disable or able , is exposed to an array of early developmental attributes that life has to offer at this point. The assignment delegated is to experience and evaluate a child care facility with the view of gaining valuable insight into the modus operandi of our future workplace. In the following sections, I will be elucidating the information that I garnered during the course of the study. The child care facility is "The Mountain View School" facility catering to special needs of autistic children, strategically located at 525 Gladis enclave. This center is a frontrunner in early childhood development. Mrs. 2.0 Provision of Child Care 2.1 Caregiver I had the pleasure to interact with Mrs. Shannon Coleman. An embodiment of altruism, she dispenses her child care wisdom with absolute accuracy and potency. Mrs. Coleman has an honors degree in 'Child Psychology' , a diploma in 'Language and literacy development in young children' and associate degree in 'Child day care management'. Little wonder of her oozing expertise. She promulgates that her rationale in caring for a child is to imagine that you are a star and disseminate the aura ,the dazzle that you exude to children. She demonstrates her flawless skill by interpreting the cryptic language of cries, hums, frowns, chuckles, squeals and gurgles that children make and translates them into meaningful speech , which will prove to be an uphill task for any novice. Bearing testimony to her exemplary talent, I take pride in elucidating two such instances wherein she has demonstrated her high caliber with autistic children. 1. I watch her stride towards an autistic child , she holds the child's chin tenderly, with the motherly aura she emits ,it would be very easy to confuse her to be the child's mum. She gingerly opens the child's mouth and inspects the ulcer on the child's inner cheek. Very audacious and incisive intellect permits her to assert the cause of the ulcer: 'high-protein diet'. With painstaking eye for detail, Mrs. Coleman then goes about with the task of eliminating protein loaded food off the toddler's diet . She then assigns a dietician who prescribes folic acid supplements .I have the opportunity to visit the center again and I notice that with the new diet regime introduced for the child , the ulcer is now history. 2. Mrs. Coleman also showcases her

Security and privacy on the Internet Research Paper

Security and privacy on the Internet - Research Paper Example Individuals generally assume that such information is kept secret by the websites and resources that they entrust with these details; however, data mines like those on the internet can easily be manipulated and used such that compromising information can be turned over. The roles of organized parties in the relationship between individual data provider and collectors of data are not as clear as they should be. For example, one might wonder what the role of internet service providers are, or what the government’s role is, or what the websites themselves are obligated to do in these circumstances. Although these other parties may, in fact, have a role in ensuring internet privacy and security, ultimately the responsibility lies on the part of the individual person or entity in protecting his or her (or its) information. In terms of the government’s role in regulating for internet privacy and security, it seems that the United States has not lived up to the international s tandards of privacy protection and comprehensive regulation, which creates a logistical problem for managing the use and abuse of internet resources between borders. Although new laws have started to address issues such as children’s privacy, financial privacy, and medical privacy, â€Å"privacy and security regulations related to the internet are likely to be issues in the future† (Hiller, 2010, p. 263). Clearly, the government perceives for itself a role in managing the privacy and security concerns of a dynamic technological environment. Understandably, this role ought to be kept at a minimal stage, given the inability of governments to react fast enough to changes in technology. A more relevant perspective for understanding the roles of the parties involved in internet privacy and security is analyzing individuals from the perspective of psychological research. Psychology plays a central role in the issue of privacy because of social attitudes toward the prospect o f an individual self, which entitles individuals to a certain degree of space from others (Buchanan, Paine, Joinson, & Reips, 2007, p. 157). In addition, this separation of the self from others trains people, in general, to avoid disclosing personal information about themselves, particularly because this information might be useful in an ever-connected society that modern people live in. For instance, something as mundane as a routine eye exam, if discovered by an employer by some means that violated its employee’s privacy, could be used to raise that employee’s insurance premiums through the company fund and thus causing him a disadvantage. Of course, the value of privacy differs from person to person but generally as a society, people tend to agree that privacy is a concern when it comes to dealing with interactions online (Buchanan, Paine, Joinson, & Reips, 2007, p. 160). This kind of attitude is ever more prevalent amongst older generations, who treat their private information as secrets. According to Reeves, Rowe and Gallaher (2007), a better solution when compared to putting individual interests wholly in charge of managing their online privacy and security or entrusting that responsibility to the government is giving some responsibility to internet service providers (ISPs). Some companies that provide internet services to thousands or millions of customers are, according to this report, responsible for making sure privacy is secured. While it is

Wavelet Packet Feature Extraction And Support Vector Machine Psychology Essay

Wavelet Packet Feature Extraction And Support Vector Machine Psychology Essay ABSTRACT- The aim of this work is an automatic classification of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals by using statistical features extraction and support vector machine. From a real database, two sets of EEG signals are used: EEG recorded from a healthy person and from an epileptic person during epileptic seizures. Three important statistical features are computed at different sub-bands discrete wavelet and wavelet packet decomposition of EEG recordings. In this study, to select the best wavelet for our application, five wavelet basis functions are considered for processing EEG signals. After reducing the dimension of the obtained data by linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis, feature vectors are used to model and to train the efficient support vector machine classifier. In order to show the efficiency of this approach, the statistical classification performances are evaluated, and a rate of 100% for the best classification accuracy is obtained and is compa red with those obtained in other studies for the same data set. Keywords- EEG; Discrete Wavelet Transform, Wavelet Packet Transform, Support Vector Machine, Statistical analysis, classification. 1. Introduction In neurology, the electroencephalogram (EEG) is a non-invasive test of brain function that is mostly used for the diagnosis and classification of epilepsy. The epilepsy episodes are a result of excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder of the brain that affects over 50 million people worldwide and in developing countries, three fourths of people with epilepsy may not receive the treatment they need [1]. In clinical decisions, the EEG is related to initiation of therapy to improve quality of epileptic patients life. However, EEG signals occupy a huge volume and the scoring of long-term EEG recordings by visual inspection, in order to classify epilepsy, is usually a time consuming task. Therefore, many researchers have addressed the problem of automatic detection and classification of epileptic EEG signals [2, 3]. Different studies have shown that EEG signal is a non-stationary process and non-linear features are extracted fr om brain activity recordings in order to specific signal characteristics [2, 4, 5, 6]. Then these features are used as input of classifiers [11]. Subasi in [7] used the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) coefficient of normal and epileptic EEG segments in a modular neural network called mixture of expert. For the same EEG data set, Polat and Gà ¼nes [8] used the feature reduction methods including DWT, autoregressive and discrete Fourier transform. In Subasi and Gursoy [9], the dimensionality of the DWT features was reduced using principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The resultant features were used to classify normal and epilepsy EEG signals using support vector machine. Jahankhani, Kodogiannis and Revett [10] have obtained feature vectors from EEG signals by DWT and performed the classification by multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function network. Wavelet packet transform (WPT) appears as one of most promising methods as shown by a great number of works in the literature [11] particularly for ECG signals and relatively fewer, for EEG signals. In [12], Wang, Miao and Xie used wavelet packet entropy method to extract features and K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) classifier. In this work, both DWT and WPT split non stationary EEG signals into frequency sub-bands. Then a set of statistical features such as standard deviation, energy and entropy from real database EEG recordings were computed from e ach decomposition level to represent time-frequency distribution of wavelet coefficients. LDA and PCA are applied to these various parameters allowing a data reduction. These features were used as an input to efficient SVM classifier with two discrete outputs: normal person and epileptic subject. A measure of the performances of these methods is presented. The remaining of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the data set of EEG signals used in our work. In Section 3, preliminaries are presented for immediate reference. This is followed by the step up of our experiments and the results in section 4. Finally, some concluding remarks are given in Section 5. 2. DATA SELECTION We have used the EEG data taken from the artifact free EEG time series database available at the Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn [23]. The complete dataset consists of five sets (denoted A-B-C-D-E). Each set contains100 single-channel EEG signals of 23,6s. The normal EEG data was obtained from five healthy volunteers who were in the relaxed awake state with their eyes open (set A). These signals were obtained from extra-cranially surface EEG recordings in accordance with a standardized electrode placement. Set E contains seizure activity, selected from all recording sites exhibiting ictal activity. All EEG signals were recorded with the same 128 channel amplifier system and digitized at 173.61Hz sampling. 12 bit analog-to-digital conversion and band-pass (0.53-40 Hz) filter settings were used. For a more detailed description, the reader can refer to [13]. In our study, we used set A and set E from the complete dataset. Raw EEG signal Feature extraction: Energy, Entropy and Standard deviation from DWT and WPT decom-position coefficients Dimensionality reduction by LDA and PCA Classification and Performance measure Healthy Epileptic Figure 1 The flow chart of the proposed system 3. methods The proposed method consists of three main parts: (i) statistical feature extraction from DWT and from WPT decomposition coefficients, (ii) dimensionality reduction using PCA and LDA, and (iii) EEG classification using SVM. The flow chart of the proposed method is given in figure 1. Details of the pre-processing and classification steps are examined in the following subsections. 3.1 Analysis using DWT and WPT Since the EEG is a highly non-stationary signal, it has been recently recommended the use of time-frequency domain methods [14]. Wavelet transform can be used to decompose a signal into sub-bands with low frequency (approximate coefficients) and sub-bands with high frequency (detailed coefficients) [15, 16, 17]. Under discrete wavelet transform (DWT), only approximation coefficients are decomposed iteratively by two filters and then down-sampled by 2. The first filter h[.] is a high-pass filter which is the mirror of the second low pass filter l[.]. DWT gives a left recursive binary tree structure. We processed 16 DWT coefficients. Wavelet packet transform (WPT) is an extension of DWT that gives a more informative signal analysis. By using WPT, the lower, as well as the higher frequency bands are decomposed giving a balanced tree structure. The wavelet packet transform generates a full decomposition tree, as shown in figure 2. In this work, we performed five-level wavelet packet deco mposition. The two wavelet packet orthogonal bases at a parent node (i, p) are obtained from the following recursive relationships Eq. (1) and (2), where l[n] and h[n] are low (scale) and high (wavelet) pass filter, respectively; i is the index of a subspaces depth and p is the number of subspaces [15]. The wavelet packet coefficients corresponding to the signal x(t) can be obtained from Eq. (3), l (3,0) (3,1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(3,6) (3,7) h l h l h l h h l h l h l SIGNAL (0,0) (1,0) (1,1) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) Figure 2 Third level wavelet packet decomposition of EEG signal Table 1 gives the frequency bands for each level of WPT decomposition. Figures 3 and 4 show the fifth level wavelet packet decomposition of EEG segments, according to figure 2. We processed 32 WPT coefficients. Therefore, in this study, three statistical parameters: energy feature (En), the measure of Shannon entropy (Ent) and standard deviation (Std) are computed, (4) (5) (6) 3.2 Principal component analysis To make a classifier system more effective, we use principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction. The purpose of its implementation is to derive a small number of uncorrelated principal components from a larger set of zero-mean variables, retaining the maximum possible amount of information from the original data. Formally, the most common derivation of PCA is in terms of standardized linear projection, which maximizes the variance in the projected space [18, 19]. For a given p-dimensional data set X, the m principal axes W1,†¦,Wm where 1≠¤ m≠¤ p, are orthogonal axes onto which the retained variance is maximum in the projected space. Generally, W1,†¦,Wm can be given by the m leading eigenvectors of the sample Table1 Frequency band of each wavelet decomposition level. Decomposition level Frequency band (Hz) 1 2 3 4 5 0-86.8; 86.8-173.6 0-43.5; 43.5-86.8; 86.3-130.2 ;130.2-173.6 0-21.75; 21.75-43.5; 43.5-54.375; 54.375-86.3; 86.3-108.05; 108.05-130.2; 130.2 130.2-151.95; 151.95-173.6; 0-10.875; 10.875-21.75; 21.75-32.625; 32.625-43.5; 43.5-54.375; 54.375-65.25; 65.25-76.125; 76.125-87; 87-97.875; 97.875-108.75; 108.75-119.625; 119.625-130.5; 130.5-141.375; 141.375-152.25; 152.25-163.125; 163.125-173.6 0-5.44; 5.44-10.875; 10.875-16.31; 16.31-21.75: 21.75-27.19; 27.19-32.625; 32.625-38.06; 38.06-43.5; 43.5-48.94; 48.94-54.375; 54.375-59.81; 59.81-65.25; 65.25-70.69; 70.69-76.125; 76.125-81.56;81.56-87; 87-92.44; 92.44-97.87; 97.87-103.3; 103.3-108.75; 108.75-114.19; 114.19-119.625; 119.625-125.06; 125.06-130.5; 130.5-135.94; 135.94-141.38; 141.38-146.81; 146.81-152.25; 152.25-157.69; 157.69-163.125; 163.125-168.56; 168.56-173.6 covariance matrix where is the sample mean and N is the number of samples, so that SWi= ÃŽ »iWi, where ÃŽ »i is the ith largest eigenvalue of S. The m principal components of a given observation vector xi are given by the reduced feature vector . 3.3 Linear discriminant analysis Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) projects high-dimensional data onto a low-dimensional space where the data can achieve maximum class separability [19]. The aim of LDA is to create a new variable that is a combination of the original predictors, i.e. the derived features in LDA are linear combinations of the original variables, where the coefficients are from the transformation matrix i.e. LDA utilizes a transformation matrix W, which can maximizes the ratio of the between-class scatter matrix SB to the within-class scatter matrix SW, to transform the original feature vectors into lower dimensional feature space by linear transformation. The linear function y= WTx maximizes the Fisher criterion J(W) [19], where xj(i) represents the jth sample of the ith of total c classes. k is the dimension of the feature space, and  µi is the Figure 3 Fifth level wavelet packet decomposition of healthy EEG signal (set A). Figure 4 Fifth level wavelet packet decomposition of epileptic EEG signal (set E). mean of the ith class. Mi is the number of samples within classes i in total number of classes. where is the mean of the entire data set. As a dimensionality reduction method, LDA has also been adopted in this work. 3.4 SVM classifier In this work, SVM [20] has been employed as a learning algorithm due to its superior classification ability. Let n examples S={xi,yi}i=1n, yià Ã‚ µ{-1,+1}, where xi represent the input vectors, yi is the class label. The decision hyperplane of SVM can be defined as (w, b); where w is a weight vector and b a bias. The optimal hyperplane can be written as, where w0 and b0 denote the optimal values of the weight vector and bias. Then, after training, test vector is classified by decision function, To find the optimum values of w and b, it is required to solve the following optimization problem: subject to where ÃŽ ¾i is the slack variable, C is the user-specified penalty parameter of the error term (C>0), and φ the kernel function [21]. A radial basis function (RBF) kernel defined as, was used, where ÏÆ' is kernel parameter defined by the user. 4. results and discussion Before we give the experimental results and discuss our observations, we present three performance measures used to evaluate the proposed classification method. (i) Sensitivity, represented by the true positive ratio (TPR), is defined as (ii) Specificity, represented by the true negative ratio (TNR), is given by, (iii) and average classification accuracy is defined as, (16) where FP and FN represent false positive and false negative, respectively. All the experiments in this work were undertaken over 100 segments EEG time series of 4096 samples for each class set A and set E. There were two diagnosis classes: Normal person and epileptic patient. To estimate the reliability of the proposed model, we utilize ten-fold cross validation method. The data is split into ten parts such that each part contains approximately the same proportion of class samples as in the classification dataset. Nine parts (i.e. 90%) are used for training the classifier, and the remaining part (i.e. 10%) for testing. This procedure is repeated ten times using a different part for testing in each case. As illustrated in Fig.3 and 4, feature vectors were computed from coefficient of EEG signals. Taking energy as feature vector, figure 5 shows that the features of both normal and epileptic EEG signals are mixed. The proposed analysis using wavelets was carried out using MATLAB R2011b. In literature, there is no common suggestion to select a particular wavelet. Therefore, a very important step before classifying EEG signals is to select an appropriate wavelet for our application. Then, five wavelet functions namely Daubechies, Coiflets, Biorthogonal, Symlets and Discrete Meyer wavelets are examined and compared, in order to evaluate the performance of various types of wavelets. Figure 6 shows accuracy, sensitivity and specificity from different wavelets. We see that the best wavelet giving good correct rate is the Db2, Db4, coif3 and Bior1.1.The choice of the mother wavelet is focused on daubechies where the length of the filter is 2N, while coifflet wavelet filter is 6N and biorthogonal wavelet (2N +2). After EEG signal Db2 wavelet decomposition and dimensionality reduction, results of correct rate classification are showed in Table 2. The classification accuracy varies from the optimum value (100%) to a lowest value (87%). The results using standard deviation are the best results obtained and using entropy is better than using energy in EEG signals classification. In this study, experimental results show that linear discriminant analysis based on wavelet packet decomposition improves classification and the optimum SVM results are obtained by using standard deviation feature computed from wavelet packet coefficient and LDA reduction method. For this proposed scheme, the accuracy of the classification is 100%. This method presents a novel contribution and has not yet been presented in the literature. Figure 7 shows the average rate of classification (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity) obtained with different methods of decomposition (DWT or WPT), two reduction methods (LDA or PCA) and three characteristic features (standard deviation, energy, entropy) using the four best wavelet (Db2, Db4, coif3 and Bior1.1). We see that the combination of LDA with standard deviation have an optimum average accuracy rate of 99.90% and combination of standard deviation with PCA reaches 99.50 %. Table 3 gives a summary of the accuracy results obtained by other studies from the same dataset (set A and set E) using extraction of features from EEG signal and their classification. 5. conclusion In this paper, EEG signals were decomposed into time-frequency representations using discrete wavelet transform, wavelet packet transform and statistical features were Figure 5 Energy feature vector coefficient D3versus D2 (adapted from [22]). Table 3 Epilepsy classification accuracies evaluation obtained in literature from the same data sets Authors Method Accuracy (%) [7] Subasi DWT + Mixture of Expert 94.50 [8] Polat and Gà ¼nes DWT+DFT+ Auto-regres-sive model + Decision Tree 99.32 [9] Subasi and Gursoy DWT+PCA+ LDA+ICA +SVM 98.75(PCA) 100(LDA) 99.5(ICA) [12] Wang, Miao and Xie WPT+ Entropy-hierarchical K-NN classification 99,44 [14] ÃÅ"beylà ¯ Burg autoregressive + LS-SVM 99.56 Our method WPT + Standard deviation+ LDA + SVM 100 computed to represent their distribution. The most suitable mother wavelets for feature extraction and classification were found. The selection of the suitable mother wavelet and using reduction methods lead to the improvement of performance of EEG signal classification. It has been shown by experiments that for the SVM and the combination of the standard deviation with LDA have the highest correct classification rate of 100% in comparison with other techniques. The interest in expert systems for detection and classification of epileptic EEG signal is expected to grow more and more in order to assist and strengthen the neurologist in numerous tasks, especially, to reduce the number of selection for classification performance. These promising results encourage us to continue with more depth our study and to apply it to other databases recorded with other diseases.